References

Prepcann’s HCP course references over 100 citations to ensure learners are able to obtain relevant information needed within 4 hours.

All works cited in Prepcann are mentioned here and can be downloaded at the link provided.

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• Healer.com. 2016. Available at http://healer.com/cannabis-dosing-less-is-usually-more/
• Notcutt WG. Clinical Use of Cannabinoids for Symptom Control in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):769-777.
• Health Canada: Information for Health Care Professionals: Cannabis (marihuana, marijuana) and the cannabinoids. 2013; Available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/marihuana/med/infoprof-eng.php
• Madras B. Update of cannabis and its medical use. Review for the 37th session of the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015; Available at http://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlledsubstances/6_2_cannabis_update.pdf
• Hall, W. and Solowij, N. Adverse effects of cannabis. Lancet. 1998; 352: 1611-1616.
• Vandrey, R. and Haney, M. Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: how close are we? CNS.Drugs. 2009; 23: 543-553.
• Zammit, S., Moore, T. H., et al. Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review. Br.J.Psychiatry. 2008; 193: 357-363.
• De Hert, M., Wampers, M., et al. Effects of cannabis use on age at onset in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr.Res. 2011; 126: 270-276.
• Tambaro S, Bortolato M. Cannabinoid-related agents in the treatment of anxiety disorders: current knowledge and future perspectives. Recent patents on CNS drug discovery. 2012;7(1):25-40.
•  Timpone JG, Wright DJ, et al. The safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent and combination therapy with megestrol acetate and dronabinol for the treatment of HIV wasting syndrome. The DATRI 004 Study Group. Division of AIDS Treatment Research Initiative. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1997 Mar 1;13(4):305-15.
• Beal JE, et al. Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10:89-97.
• Beal JE, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of dronabinol for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated anorexia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997;14:7-14.
• Abrams DI, et al. Short-term effects of cannabinoids in patients with HIV-1 infection; a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:258-266.
• Haney M, et al. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: acute effects on caloric intake and mood. Psychopharmacology 2005;181:170-178.
• Haney M, et al. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers: Caloric intake, mood, and sleep. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:545-554
• Riedel G, Fadda P, et al. Synthetic and plant-derived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;156(7):1154-66
• Manji HK, Quiroz JA, et al. The underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;2(3):136-46.
• Fitzcharles, M. A., Ste-Marie, P. A., et al. Canadian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome. 2012; Available at http://www.fibromyalgie-sqf.org/2012_fm.pdf
•  Zhornitsky S, Stip E, et al. Extrapyramidal symptoms in substance abusers with and without schizophrenia and in nonabusing patients with schizophrenia. Mov Disord. 2010 Oct 15;25(13):2188-94
• Spigelman I: Therapeutic Targeting of Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptors in Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain States. In Translational Pain
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• Abrams DI, Couey P, et al. Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Dec;90(6):844-51.
• Turcotte D, Le Dorze JA, et al.  Examining the roles of cannabinoids in pain and other therapeutic indications: a review.  Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Jan; 11(1):17-31.
• Anikwue R, Huffman JW, et al. Decrease in efficacy and potency of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by chronic delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Oct;303(1):340-6
• Befort K. et al., (2015) Front Pharmacol. 6:6
• Blake DR, Robson P, et al. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Jan;45(1):50-2. Epub 2005 Nov 9.
• Richardson D, Pearson RG, et al. Characterisation of the cannabinoid receptor system in synovial tissue and fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):R43.
• Bab I, Zimmer A, Melamed E. Cannabinoids and the skeleton: from marijuana to reversal of bone loss. Ann Med. 2009;41(8):560-7.
• Sophocleous A, et al. Heavy Cannabis Use Is Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density and an Increased Risk of Fractures. Am J Med. 2017;130(2):214-221.
• Svízenská I, Dubový P, Sulcová A. Cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), their distribution, ligands and functional involvement in nervous system structures–a short review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Oct;90(4):501-11.
•  Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2004 Dec;112(3):299-306.   
• Wallace MS, Marcotte TD, et al. Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. J Pain. 2015 Jul;16(7):616-27.
• Hill KP. Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2015 Jun 23-30;313(24):2474-83.
•  Nurmikko TJ, Serpell MG, et al. Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain. 2007;133(1-3):210-20.
•  Abrams DI, Jay CA, et al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2007 Feb 13;68(7):515-21.
• Levenson, J., Kay, D., Buysse, D. The Pathophysiology of Insomnia. Chest. 2015;147(4), 1179–1192.
•  Acuna-Goycolea, C., et al. CANNABINOIDS EXCITE CIRCADIAN CLOCK NEURONS. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2010;30(30), 10061–10066.
• Schierenbeck, T., et al. Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. Sleep Med. 2008;12: 381-389. Review.
•  Murillo-Rodríguez E, et al. Potential effects of cannabidiol as a wake-promoting agent. Curr Neuropharmacol.  2014 May;12(3):269-72.
• Fernandez-Ruiz, J. The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of motor dysfunction. Br.J.Pharmacol. 2009;156: 1029-1040.
• Santangelo SL, Tsatsanis K. What is known about autism: genes, brain, and behavior. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2005;5(2):71-92. Review.
• Samsam M, et al. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: Revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World Journal of Gastroenterology : WJG. 2014;20(29):9942-9951.
• Siniscalco D, et al. Cannabinoid receptor type 2, but not type 1, is up-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children affected by autistic disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013 Nov;43(11):2686-95.
• Fukuda S, Kohsaka H, et al. Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Aug 12;15:275.
• Rom S, Persidsky Y. Cannabinoid receptor 2: Potential role in immunomodulation and neuroinflammation Review. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the
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• Kaplan BL. The role of CB1 in immune modulation by cannabinoids. Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Mar;137(3):365-74.
• Samson MT, et. al.. Differential roles of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in mast cells. J Immunol. 2003 May 15;170(10):4953-62.
• McKallip RJ, et al. Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors as a novel therapy to treat malignant lymphoblastic disease. Blood. 2002 Jul 15; 100(2):627-34.
• Marsicano G, et al., CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity. Science. 2003 Oct 3; 302(5642):84-8.
  
• Rieder SA, et al., Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression. Immunobiology. 2010 Aug; 215(8):598-605.
  
• Börner C, et al., Activation of human T cells induces upregulation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 transcription.Neuroimmunomodulation. 2007; 14(6):281-6
  
• Galiègue S, et al., Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations.Eur J Biochem. 1995 Aug 15; 232(1):54-61.
• Pintér A, Cseh D, et al. Autonomic Dysregulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Kleinschnitz C, Meuth S, eds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16(8):16920-16952.
• Bostwick JM. Blurred Boundaries: The Therapeutics and Politics of Medical Marijuana. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2012;87(2):172-186.
• Osei-Hyiaman D. Endocannabinoid system in cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007 Jul;10(4):443-8. Review.
• Lotfi-Jam, K., et al., Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Managing Common Chemotherapy Adverse Effects: A Systematic Review.  Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008; 26(34):5618-5629.
• PDQ® Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board. PDQ Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated 3/15/2017. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq.
• Zhu LX, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway. J Immunol. 2000 Jul 1;165(1):373-80.
• McKallip R, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis by suppression of the antitumor immune response. J Immunol. 2005 Mar 15;174(6):3281-9.
• Alexander A, Smith PF, Rosengren RJ. Cannabinoids in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Lett. 2009 Nov 18;285(1):6-12.
• McAllister SD, et al. Cannabinoids selectively inhibit proliferation and induce death of cultured human glioblastoma multiforme cells. J Neurooncol. 2005 Aug;74(1):31-40.
• Bifulco M, et al. Cannabinoids and cancer: pros and  cons of an antitumour strategy. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 May;148(2):123-35.
• Cridge B, Rosengren R. Critical appraisal of the potential use of cannabinoids in cancer management. Cancer Manag Res. 2013 Aug 30;5:301-13.
• Guzmán M. Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Oct;3(10):745-55. Review.
• Massa F, et al.: The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2004;113 (8):1202-9
• Aviello G, et al. Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012 Aug;90(8):925-34.
• Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, Cascio MG, Pertwee RG, Izzo AA. Inhibition of  colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol. Phytomedicine. 2014 Apr 15;21(5):631-9.
• De-Oliveira AC, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Paumgartten JR. In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett. 1997 Jun 16;92(1):39-46
  
• Duran M, Pérez E, et al. Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Nov;70(5):656-63.
• Noyes R Jr, et al. Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Clin Pharmacol. 1975 Feb-Mar;15(2-3):139-43.
• Portenoy RK, et al. Nabiximols for opioid-treated cancer patients with poorly-controlled chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled, graded-dose trial. J Pain. 2012 May;13(5) 438-49.
• Johnson JR, et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010 Feb;39(2):167-79.
• Johnson JR, et al. An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013 Aug;46(2):207-18.
• FAQ about RSO. Phoenixtears.ca website. http://phoenixtears.ca/faq-about-rso/ Updated 2014. Accessed October 4, 2017.
• Scripture CD, Figg WD. Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer.2006 Jul;6(7):546-58. Review. Erratum in: Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Sep;6(9):741.
• Chen CS, Lin JT, et al. Activation of the anticancer prodrugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: identification of cytochrome P450 2B enzymes and site-specific mutants with improved enzyme kinetics. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 May;65(5):1278-85.
• Torres S, Lorente M et al. A combined preclinical therapy of cannabinoids and temozolomide against glioma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2011 Jan;10(1):90-103.
• Scott KA, Dalgleish AG, Liu WM. The combination of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the anticancer effects of radiation in an orthotopic murine glioma model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014 Dec;13(12):2955-67
• Jadoon KA, et al., Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1777-86.
• Horváth B, et al. The endocannabinoid system and plant-derived cannabinoids in diabetes and diabetic complications. Am J Pathol. 2012 Feb;180(2):432-42.
• Toth C, Mawani S, et al. An enriched-enrolment, randomized withdrawal, flexible-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel assignment efficacy study of nabilone as adjuvant in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2012 Oct;153(10):2073-82.
• Geurts L, et al. Chronic endocannabinoid system stimulation induces muscle macrophage and lipid accumulation in type 2 diabetic mice independently of metabolic endotoxaemia. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55963.
• Coskun ZM, Bolkent S. Oxidative stress and cannabinoid receptor expression in type-2 diabetic rat pancreas following treatment with Δ⁹-THC. Cell Biochem Funct. 2014 Oct;32(7):612-9.
• Abood ME, et al. Activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor protects cultured mouse spinal neurons against excitotoxicity. Neurosci Lett. 2001 Aug 31;309(3):197-201.
• Ramírez BG, et al. Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease
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• Raman C, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: delayed disease progression in mice by treatment with a cannabinoid. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2004 Mar;5(1):33-9.
•  Rossi S, et al. Abnormal sensitivity of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the striatum of mice with experimental amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010;11(1-2):83-90. 
• Hansen HH, et al. Anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, accumulates during in vivo neurodegeneration. J Neurochem. 2001 Sep;78(6):1415-27.
• Marsicano G, et al. CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity. Science. 2003 Oct 3; 302(5642):84-8.
• Zajicek JP, et al. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;76(12):1664-9.
• Zajicek JP, et al. MUSEC Research Group.. Multiple sclerosis and extract of cannabis: results of the MUSEC trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;83(11):1125-32.
• Fernández O. Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: recent clinical trials. Eur Neurol. 2014;72 Suppl 1:9-11.
• Ball S, Vickery J, Hobart J, et al. The Cannabinoid Use in Progressive Inflammatory brain Disease (CUPID) trial: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled
  parallel-group multicentre trial and economic evaluation of cannabinoids to slow progression in multiple sclerosis. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2015 Feb. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 19.12.) Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274260/
• Koppel BS, et al. Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;82(17):1556-1563.
• Nguyen CH, et al. THC (Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol) Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in Glutamate-affected Murine Primary Mesencephalic Cultures Through Restoring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Anti-apoptosis Involving CB(1) Receptor-dependent Mechanism. Phytother Res. 2016 Dec;30(12):2044-2052.
• Koppel BS. Cannabis in the Treatment of Dystonia, Dyskinesias, and Tics. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):788-792.
• Valdeolivas S, et al. Effects of a Sativex-Like Combination of Phytocannabinoids on Disease Progression in R6/2 Mice, an Experimental Model of Huntington’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 23;18(4).
• Pryce G, et al. Neuroprotection in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis by Cannabis-Based Cannabinoids. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2015 Jun;10(2):281-92.
•  Zeissler ML, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol protects against MPP+ toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by restoring proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 19;7(29):46603-46614. 
• Carroll CB, et al. Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012 Oct;38(6):535-47.
• Chung YC, et al. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 protects nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglial activation. J Immunol. 2011 Dec 15;187(12):6508-17.
• Freeman RM, et al. The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006 Nov;17(6):636-41.
•  Cheung, W., Guo, L., and Cordeiro, M. F. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: drug-based approaches. Optom.Vis.Sci. 2008;85: 406-416.
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• Jarvinen, T., et al. Cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma. Pharmacol.Ther. 2002;95: 203-220.
• Chen, J., et al. Finding of endocannabinoids in human eye tissues: implications for glaucoma. Biochem.Biophys.Res. Commun. 2005;330: 1062-1067.
• Song, Z. H., Slowey, C. A. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of WIN55212-2. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 2000;292: 136-139.
• Yoles, E., Belkin, M., and Schwartz, M. HU-211, a nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, produces short- and long- term neuroprotection after optic nerve axotomy. J.Neurotrauma. 1996;13: 49-57.
•  Leitner GC, Vogelsang H. Pharmacological- and non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease in adults. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2016;7(1):5-20.
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•  Gaston, T., et al.,”Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.” Epilepsy & Behavior 2017;May;70(Pt B):313-318. Epub 2017 Jan 10. Review.
• Tzadok M, et al. CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience. Seizure. 2016 Feb;35:41-4.
• Devinsky O, et al. Cannabidiol: pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Epilepsia. 2014 Jun;55(6):791-802.
• Devinsky, Orrin et al. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. The Lancet Neurology. 2015;(3):270 – 278.
• Jones NA, et al. Cannabidiol Displays Antiepileptiform and Antiseizure Properties In Vitro and In Vivo. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2010;332(2):569-577.
• Geffrey AL, et al. Drug-drug interaction between clobazam and cannabidiol in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2015 Aug;56(8):1246-51.
• Toth, B. I., et al. Endocannabinoids modulate human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and survival via the sequential engagement of cannabinoid receptor-1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. J.Invest Dermatol. 2011;131: 1095-1104.
• Maccarrone, M., et al. The endocannabinoid system in human keratinocytes. Evidence that anandamide inhibits epidermal differentiation through CB1 receptor- dependent inhibition of protein kinase C, activation protein-1, and transglutaminase. J.Biol.Chem. 2003; 278: 33896-33903.
• Wilkinson, J. D. and Williamson, E. M. Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis. J.Dermatol.Sci. 2007;45: 87-92.
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• Russo EB. Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004 Feb-Apr;25(1-2):31-9. Review.
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• Adamson SJ, Sellman JD. A prototype screening instrument for cannabis use disorder: the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in an alcohol-dependent clinical sample. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003 Sep;22(3):309-15.
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• Blumentrath C, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis and the cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults: recognition, diagnosis, acute and long-term treatment. Ger Med Sci. 2017 Mar 21;15:Doc06
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• Dezieck L, et al. Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: a case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017 Sep;55(8):908-913